The Science of Fasting

Lack of sleep will also cause weight gain. It causes stress, which induces cortisol release. And coritsol will make you retain water. If you're eating lots of carbs (which absorb/retain water) along with that, that's a certain recipe for weight gain.

I saw this in an IF group I follow the other day:

I can 100% attest to this. The only week I have not lost weight the last three months was the week where my stress was super high and had two anxiety attacks. Stress was undeniably a factor