I'll just touch on NFIP for a moment since I'm on cell.
NFIP was born out necessity. Because here in the US, we tend to "ready, fire, aim" and then left with figuring out how to mitigate existing issue instead of scrapping it all and starting over. It's the American way. Infrastructure be damned. Water sheds? Who cares. What could possibly happen in our lifetime.
Western North Carolina.
Cedar key
Marathon Fl.
9th ward. Lakeview.
Paradise CA.
Boulder FiFL.
Etc etc.
We tend to ignore the obvious warnings nature continually throws our way all for the sake of development and the dollar.
So then we have to find a way to mitigate those risks because so many people now live in an area of exposure.
It's a shame that we haven't figured it out by now and I don't know we ever will because the horse that dictates is just too far from the barn.